Arguably the most famous theorem in all of mathematics, the Pythagorean Theorem has an interesting history. Known to the Chinese and the Babylonians more than a millennium before Pythagoras lived, it is a "natural" result that has captivated mankind for 3000 years. More than 300 proofs are known today. (The diagram to the left is that used by Euclid in his proof given 2300 years ago.)

Exploring the concepts, ideas, and results of mathematics is a fascinating topic. On the one hand some breakthroughs in mathematical thought we will study came as accidents, and on the other hand as consequences of attempts to solve some great open problem. For example, complex numbers arose in the study of the solution of cubic polynomials. At first distrusted and ultimately rejected by their discoverers, Tartaglia and Cardano, complex numbers were subsequently found to have monumental significance and applications.

In this course you will see firsthand many of the results that have made what mathematics is today and meet the mathematicians that created them. One particularly interesting attribute of these "builders" of mathematical structure is how clear they were about what to prove. Their results turn out to be just what is needed to establish other results sometimes in an unrelated area. What is difficult to understand for the ordinary mathematics students is just how brilliant these people were and how tenaciously they attacked problems. The personality of the greatest mathematicians span the gamut from personable and friendly to arrogant and rude.

Nonetheless, it is the mathematics that is important. For the most part we will focus on the subject itself.

Each chapter contains goals, readings, and problems. You should begin by reading the goals of the chapter before the readings and answer the problems during and after reading the material. You will see this.

	Goals
	Readings
	Problems

In most cases the reading will be presented in the form of Acrobat (PDF) documents. To read and print them you will need the Adobe Acrobat Reader.

The Goals and Problems will be given as HTML documents.

Web Mathematics History References

• Mathematics Archives at the University of Tennessee
• St. Andrews
• Clark University
• Trinity College, Dublin
• Mathematical Museum
• Math-Net

General References
There are many excellent history of mathematics texts. Below we list several of them, though some are topic specific. For supplementary reading, you should consider purchasing one or more of these titles or borrowing them from your local library.

• A History of Mathematics, 2nd Ed., Carl B. Boyer, Revised by Uta C. Merzbach, Wiley, NY, 1991.
• A History of Mathematics - An Introduction, Victor Katz, Harper Collins, NY, 1993.
• The History of Mathematics - An Introduction, David M. Burton, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997.
• A Short Account of the History of Mathematics, 5th Ed., W. W. Rouse Ball, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1912
• A Concise History of Mathematics, Dirk J. Struik, Dover Publications, New York, 1967.
• A History of Mathematics, 5th Ed., Florian A. Cajori, Chelsea, New York, 1991.
• Elements of the History of Mathematics, Nicolas Bourbaki, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993.
• History of Mathematics , 2 volumes, David E. Smith, Bover, New York, 1958.
• Number Theory: An Approach Through History, from Hammurapi to Legendre, Andre Weil, Birkhauser, Boston, 1984.
• Mathematics in Western Culture, Morris Kline, Oxford University Press, New York, 1953.
• Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, Morris Kline, Oxford University Press, New York, 1972.

There are many other references. Please check with your instructor about the suitability of a particular source.