numeric(length = 0) as.numeric(x) is.numeric(x)
numeric creates a real vector of the specified length. The
elements of the vector are all equal to 0.
as.numeric attempts to coerce its argument to numeric type
(either integer or real).
is.numeric returns TRUE if its argument is of type real
or type integer and FALSE otherwise.
as.numeric for factors yields the codes underlying the factor
levels.
as.numeric(c("2","B"))
as.numeric(factor(5:10))