BIO 150  EXAM #2 REVIEW SHEET
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                           Note: This page is intended to guide your studies.  It is not an all-inclusive list of potential exam questions.
This page was last revised on 26 September 2006.

Ch. 13 - CHROMOSOMAL GENETICS
I.  Be able to describe and give basic accounts of the history of modern genetics and Mendel's experiments.

II.  Explain and apply the terminology of modern genetics, including:
    A. gene        B. allele        C. dominant vs recessive        D. genotype vs phenotype        E. autosome vs sex-chromosome
                F. locus            G. karyotype

III.  Describe, distinguish, and apply:
    A. Mendel's First and Second Laws of Inheritance        B. methods for calculating inheritance probabilities

IV.  Describe and interpret ways that alleles influence gene expression.

V.  Describe and interpret ways that genes and chromosomes influence inheritance.

VI.  Describe and apply how sex-linked traits influence inheritance.

Ch. 1, 21, & 22 - THE HISTORY OF EVOLUTION, CHARLES DARWIN, & THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION
I.  Be able to describe and give basic accounts of the important people in the history of the development of the concept of evolution by natural selection.

II.  Explain and apply the concepts and tenets of the theory of evolution and biological fitness.

III.  Describe, distinguish, and integrate the different types of evidence the support the theory of evolution.

Ch. 11 & 12 - MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
I.  Be able to describe and apply the functions of mitosis and meiosis.

II.  Describe and explain the structures of the chromosome.

III.  Describe, distinguish, and apply the different steps of both mitosis and meiosis, including structures associate with the processes.

IV. Describe and ditinguish between necrosis and apoptosis.

V.  Be able to explain the evolutionary importance of mitosis and meiosis.

Ch. 21, 22, 23 - MICROEVOLUTION, SPECIATION, POPULATION GENETICS
I.  Master the concepts of biological evolution, including:
    A. the definition of biological evolution         B. macroevolution         C. microevolution
            D. gradualism                 E. punctuated equilibrium

II.  Be able to explain and apply the concepts of speciation including:
    A. What is a species?
    B.  How do species arise from existing species, including:        1) allopatric speciation        2) sympatric speciation
    C.  What mechanisms keep species separate from each other, including:        1) prezygotic isolation        2) postzygotic isolation

III. Define and use these genetics terms in a context of evolutionary biology.
    A. alleles         B. dominant         C. recessive         D. genotype         E. phenotype
        F. homozygous genotypic condition         G. heterozygous genotypic condition   
            H. gene       I.  dominant vs recessive     J. karyotype        K. locus

IV.  Compare, contrast, and apply the factors that force populations to change (evolve), including:
    A.  mutation: the rearrangement of DNA base pairs to create a new trait.
    B.  gene flow: the introduction of new genes through immigration of new individuals and emigration of existing individuals.
    C.  genetic drift: the change in genetic frequency through random events that leave a previously rare trait as the most common form.   {Typically limited to very small populations.}
    D.  population bottleneck: a population crash leaves a different distribution of genotypes than in the previous population.
    E.  assortative (non-random) mating: individuals with specific traits being selected by the opposite sex more often than individuals without those traits.
    F.  natural selection: individuals with specific traits being selected more by the environment more often than individuals without those traits.

V.  The able to interpret and use the Hardy-Weinberg equation, including:
    A.  the equation
    B.  what does each variable represent?

Ch. 25 - SYSTEMATICS
I.  Be able to discuss and apply the concepts of phylogenetics, including:
    A. systematics         B. what is phylogeny         C. how are cladograms constructed

II.  Compare, contrast, and interpret the following terms, as they apply to systematics:
    A. homology             B. analogy         C. convergent evolution         D. parallel evolution        E. clade   

III.  Be able to explain how the following terms are used in systematics:
    A. ancestral             B. derived

IV. Be able to integrate the concepts of the biological classification hierarchy with systematics.

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