Scientific Method
1.  Be able to apply the basic steps of the scientific method.

2.  Understand why science requires that an experiment be repeatable.

3.  Be able to identify and know how to use the following:
         a) controlled group         b) treatment group         c) mean         d) standard error

4.  Know that scientific studies should report:
         a) mean values          b) standard errors         c) sample size
 

Molecules of Life
1.  Understand the functions of these organic molecules in your body:
         a) carbohydrates         b) proteins         c) lipids

2.  Understand and be able to apply the following terms to lipids:
         a) fats          b) oils          c) hydrophobic         d) hydrophilic          e) emulsifier

3.  From the experiments on lipids, understand the following concepts:
        a) saturated fat          b) unsaturated fat
        c) effects of (a) and (b) on melting temp.
        d) effects of hydrogenation on (a) and (b)
        e) melting temps. of animal lipids vs. plant lipids
        f) effects of (c) on arteriosclerosis
        g) causes of death from (f)

4.  Understand and be able to apply the following terms to carbohydrates:
         a) monosaccharide  b) disaccharide  c) polysaccharide
         d) (a) & (b) are simple sugars while (c) is a complex sugar

5.  From the experiment on carbohydrates, understand the following concepts:
        a) Benedicts solution
        b) colors that indicate (i) no sugar, (ii) few sugars, (iii) many sugars
        c) Lugols solution
        d) color and type of sugar indicated by Lugols’ solution
        e) given the function of the potato, why did it test positive with Lugol’s solution?

6.  From the experiment on proteins, understand the following concepts:
        a) Biuret reagent
        b) why albumin (egg white) tested positive but starch did not.

7.  Be able to identify the type of macromolecule that each of these are made of:
        a) crackers & potato chips (carbohydrates)         b) steroids (lipids)
 

Microscopes
1.  Understand the advantages and disadvantages of each of these kinds of microscopes:
        a) dissecting          b) compound           c) electron

2.  On the compound microscope, be able to:
        a) identify the key parts of the microscope
        b) calculate the magnification
        c) describe the proceedure  for focusing {direction & first lens used}
        d)  describe the how a microscope flips an image.
 

Cells and Tissues
1.  Understand and give examples for the progression of cells, through tissues and organs, to an entire organism.

2.  For the following organisms, answer the following -and- identify the structures & their function.
         a) onion:
                (i) function of the onion,
                (ii) environment it lives in,
                (iii) cell shape and arrangement of the cells,
                (iv) how (iii) relates to (i) & (ii),
                (iv) cell wall,
                (v) cytoplasm,
                (vi) vacuole

         b) Elodea:
                (i) function of the Elodea leaf,
                (ii) environment it lives in,
                (iii) cell shape and arrangement of the cells,
                (iv) how (iii) relates to (i) & (ii),
                (v) cell wall,
                (vi) chloroplast,
                (vii) vacuole

         c) human cheek cell:
                (i) function of the epithelium cells & tissue,
                (ii) where (i) are found,
                (iii) cell shape,
                (iv) cell membrane,
                (vi) nucleus,
                (vii) recognize animal vs. plant cells.

         d) human blood cell:
                (i) functions of the red & white blood cells,
                (ii) the organ system (i) are part of,
                (iii) cell membrane,
                (iv) nucleus,
                (v) recognize red vs. white blood cells.
 

Enzymes and Reactions
1.  Understand what each of these are and how they are related:
         a) substrate         b) product         c) enzyme         d) catalyst         e) denature

2.  Understand the two main functions of an enzyme:
         a) reduce energy required for a reaction         b) increase the reaction rate

3.  Be able to describe the overall effects of these on the rate of an enzyme reaction.
         a) enzyme concentration         b) temperature          c) pH         d) substrate concentration
 

Photosynthesis and Respiration
1.  Understand the chemical equation for photosynthesis, including the:
         a) products         b) substrate         c) the catalyst (that’s chlorophyll)

2.  Understand how increasing light intensity will effect the rate of photosynthesis.

3.  Understand how respiration "recycles" oxygen into carbon dioxide.

4.  What gas did the Elodea release in the flask?  How did we measure it?

5.  Understand the chemical equation for the Kreb’s Cycle reaction, including the:
         a) products         b) substrate         c) aerobic or anaerobic?

6.  Understand the chemical equation for fermentation, including the:
         a) products         b) substrate         c) aerobic or anaerobic?         d) Why don’t large critters use this for their main source of energy?

7.  Understand that carbon dioxide will lower the pH of water & make it acidic.
        So, what is the main reason for why humans breathe?

8.  Phenolphthalein (no you won’t have to spell it) turns pink in bases.
        How did the phenolphthalein respond when people exhaled into  the high pH water?
         What did we do to measure the amount of carbon dioxide in the water?

9.  How are fermentation and the Kreb’s cycle similar?  How are they different?

10.  What process "recycles" carbon dioxide into oxygen?
 
 

BQ:  What animal did your lab instructor study at Eastern Kentucky University?   The screech owl.
 

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