A] INTRODUCTION

• Cell theory 
  • all life is composed of cells 
  • all cells come from other cells
  • cells are the fundamental units of life
• Cell - The basic unit of life; cells are bounded by a lipid-containing membrane and are generally capable of independent reproduction.
• Tissues - a cooperative unit of many very similar cells that perform a specific function
• Organ - a structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions
• Organ system - A group of organs that carries out a particular function in an organism

B] EUKARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES

• Eukaryotic cell - a cell whose DNA is enclosed in a nucleus and associated with proteins; contains membrane-bound organelles
• Cell wall - cell structure located just outside of the plant cell membrane
• function: protects cells and helps to maintain the cells’ shape
• consist of fibers of cellulose embedded in a matrix of other polysacharides and proteins.
• the walls of mature plant cells may be very strong (e.g. main component of wood)
• Plasma membrane - selectively permeable membrane that surrounds all cells
• Cytoplasm - everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
• Organelle - a cellular structure whose anatomy gives it a specific role to play in the life of the cell
• Nucleus - genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell
• nuclear envelope - a double membrane enclosing the nucleus; it is perforated with pores through which materials enter and leave the nucleus
• Vacuole - membranous sac within a eukaryotic cell with a variety of functions
• central vacuole - found in plant cells, this vacuole can serve as a large lysosome (a digestive organelle) and may also help the plant cell grow in size by absorbing water.  It can also store vital chemicals or waste products of cell
• Chloroplasts - an organelle found in plants which absorbs sunlight and uses it to power the synthesis of organic food molecules (photosynthesis)
• onion cells - be able to identify cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, plasma membrane
• Elodea cells - be able to identify cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplast & the role that the central vacuole plays in the cell

C]  ANIMAL CELLS

• Erythrocytes - red blood cells (RBC’s); carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away; mature cells do not have a nucleus or mitochondria
• Leukocytes - white blood cells (WBC’s); cells which fight bacteria and other invaders of your body
; mature cells have a nucleus
• human blood - be able to identify erythrocytes and leukocytes.
• Epithelial cells from your cheek - be able to identify the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

D] PROKARYOTIC CELLS

• Prokaryotic cell - A simple type of cell which does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-covered organelles
• Example looked at in lab: bacterial cells

D] TISSUES

• Four common types of animal tissue: 1) epithelial; 2) connective; 3) muscle; and 4) nervous
• epithelial tissue - a sheet of tightly packed cells lining organs and cavities
• connective tissue - tissue consisting of cells held in a nonliving substance called a matrix that the cells themselves produce
• examples include: blood, ligaments, tendons, bone and cartilage
• muscle tissue - bundles of long cells called muscle fibers which function in movement
• nervous tissue - tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells
• Be able to recognize epithelial, connective, and muscle tissue, and taste buds in a cross-section slide of tongue